Boundaries of the I-Function in Twins :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Boundaries of the I-Function in Twins Identical, conjoined, and half-twins are all examples of intrinsic variability in universe. Intrinsic variability exists in all animals and is an adaptive mechanism built into the nervous system in response to input. This mechanism allows humans to distinguish the same inputs as polar from one another and therefore, the possible outputs vary with time. It is possible that due to monovular genetic input, the twins could share identical neural pathways and identical I-Functions. This hypothesis could exempt the identical behaviors and inter-connectedness of feelings and thoughts that twins share. Differences that are seen in twin behaviors could simply be due to intrinsic variability causing differing output or behaviors.During ovulation, when a charwoman releases an ovum, three different processes can occur. First, the ovum can remain in one piece all the way to the uterus where, if not fertilized, it will be shed out of the body along with the unused endometrium. Second, the ovum, if fertilized, can develop into a single embryo, which is the most common type of pregnancy in humans with about 99% of all births being singletons (1). Finally, the ovum can split into two separate halves resulting in genetically identical twins. The three types of twins previously mentioned are identical, which are created when the fertilized ovum separates into two complete, identical parts, conjoined, which occur as a result of a fertilized ovum not completing the equal legal separation resulting in two fetuses fused together in some way, and half-twins or polar body twins, which are made when an unfertilized ovum splits into two complete, identical parts and is then fertilized by two different sperm. The frequency of identical twins is 3.5 per 100 births (1) and the frequency of conjoined twins is 1 birth per 50,000 with that 100 known cases surviving their first year (5). There is no scientific explanation for why an ovum splits int o two or more parts. It has been observe that ovum splitting can be hereditary but can also occur spontaneously. This spontaneity or unexplained divergence from normal lump growth and fertilization could be due to intrinsic variability. This intrinsic variability could also be connected to certain differences in behavior of two genetically and culturally identical twins. Ideally, one could say that twins with identical genetic information and environments would have extremely similar, if not the same neural pathways and central prescript generators (CPGs).

Essay on Dream Deferred in Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

The American Dream Deferred in melody of Solomon Beginning with the first African American literary works through the more recent successes such(prenominal) as Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon the topic of literacy is almost inextricably connected to freedom and power. A closer investigation, however, leads the reader to another, less direct, message indicating that perhaps this belief in literacy as a pathway to the American Dream of freedom and social and financial success is contradictory or, at least, insufficient in social and heathenish terms. In this way, African American literature reconstructs the American Dream into an even more complex dream deferred. Toni Morrison deconstructs the American Dream and the literacy myth in The Song of Solomon by deriding formal education and literacy while emphasizing oral family hi study. A most blatant ridicule of formal education comes to the reader in the story of First Corinthians Dead, the only character in the novel to attend colle ge. First Corinthians finds that education made her a little too elegant (188), and that Bryn Mawr had done what a four-year dose of liberal education was designed to do unfit her for eighty percent of the useful work of the world, (189). At forty-two, First Corinthians is untrained, unmarried and unfulfilled, thanks to her college education. Milkman, on the other hand, is not sent to college and is ultimately educated by the oral family history revealed by Pilate and the townspeople of Shalimar, Virginia. Milkmans freedom comes only after he breaks the irons of the American Dream myth his father is slave to and seeks out his history, his culture, and his identity. Milkmans father, Macon Dead II, is certain that... ...eedom, independence and equality built on the successful talks of not just illiteracy, but of a history of social and cultural denial. Such is the nature of the dream deferred. WORKS CITED Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Views Toni Morrison. New York Chelsea foretoken Publishing, 1990. Graff, Harvey J. The Literacy Myth Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth-Century City. New York Academic Press, 1979. McKay, Nellie, editor, Critical Essays on Toni Morrison, G.K. Hall, 1988. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York The Penguin Group, 1977. Sapphire. Push. New York Vintage Contemporaries, 1996. Peterson, Nancy J. Toni Morrison Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. Rice, Herbert William. Toni Morrison and the American Tradition A Rhetorical Reading. New York P. Lang, 1996.

James Joyces Araby - Analysis of Araby :: Joyce Dubliners Araby Essays

James Joyces Araby In James Joyces short tosh Araby, several different micro-cosms are evident. The story demonstrates adolescence, maturity, and public life in Dublin at that snip. As the reader, you learn how this city has grown to destroy this young male childs life and hopes, and create the person that he is as a narrator. In Araby, the mature narrator and not the naive boy is the storys protagonist.(Coulthard) Throughout the story this is easily shown, especially when it refers to the hour when the Christian Brothers school set the boys free.(Joyce 2112) Although they were freed, they were placed into an every bit grim world, where not even play brought pleasure.(Coulthard) Joyce demonstrates this culture by showing a boys love for a girl throughout the story. This young boy, is completely metagrobolized by this girl, but at the end, the girl is replaced by the girl with an English accent attending the booth at the bazaar. This shows the power and persuasivene ss that England has at that time over Dublin. The antagonist in this story, which can easily be determined is the culture and life in Dublin. This has a great effect on the boy and the rest of the people from this city. Dublin is referred to as the center of paralyses,(Internet) and indeed sterile.(Joyce) This plays a huge role in the forming of this boys life, where there is no fun. Araby is a story of a soul-shriveling Irish asceticism, which renders hopes and dreams not only foolish, but sinful.(Coulthard) In the story, the only thing that the young boy has to look forward to is buying something for the girl he loves, and in the end he cant even do that and by making the final characters English, the story leaves an impact on the reader about the Dublin society. It shows the antagonist of the story to be a repressive Dublin culture.(Coulthard) Through this allegorical piece, the reader can understand the harsh life that people are forced to escape with in Dublin so ciety. The narrator has become embittered rather than wiser, which was his destiny from the first for desiring

The Lottery: Examples Of Literary Terms, And A Journal Entry Essay

A.1) The tone, mood or atmosphere in the story begins with that of happiness and euphoria, by setting us up with a wonderful day that most everyone would enjoy. (Quote The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer daypg147 )However, later on in the story, it takes a distinguishable tone, and by the very end the tone is that of panic, disdain and fear.(Quote It isnt fair, it isnt right, Mrs. Hutchinson screamed, and then they were upon her. pg 155 )2) The conflict in this story is person versus environment (society) And to a lesser extent, person versus person.(Quotes I tell you it wasnt fair, you didnt give him time enough to chose. Everybody saw that. pg154 Be a good sport, Tessie, Mrs. Delecroix called, and Mrs Graves said, All of us took the same chance.pg153 )3) The point of view is semi-omniscient.4) One example of foreshadowing in this story is when Tessie is late to the draw and everyone is picking on her, this shows you that she is mor e of a main(prenominal) character and that she is going to come up later in the story.(Quote She came hurriedly into the squareClean forgot what day it was pg150 )Another example is when she gets picked the for the first draw, this again shows us that she is going to come up later in the story again with an important part. And it also re-assures us that the previous foreshadowing was true.(Quote People began to look approximately to see the Hutchinsons. Bill Hutchinson...

product innovation Essay -- essays research papers

Marketing PrinciplesPRODUCT INNOVATION AND PROMOTION PROJECTOur assignment is to create and promote an innovative harvest-feast. In developing a new product, we started with an idea generation. This is a systematic search for new-product ideas. Companies go through many ideas before they come to find some hefty ones. We had to do the same thing. We thought of many ideas on our own. It was more of an internal idea source as opposed to going outside of our partnership for ideas. Our showtime idea was a restaurant with half of it an actual restaurant and the other half an automobile tuner shop. The next idea was a new get-up-and-go drink that would be less costly and better tasting. Our next idea came up when we were sitting on that point gathering ideas for the project. We were looking in chapter ten of the merchandise principles book and reading about the Heinz EZ Squirt ketchup bottles. It popped up that one of the greatest Ameri stinker snacks of all time has not been put int o a grind bottle like a lot of other products have. That product is unimportant butter. This was going to be the idea of our project until we went to the store to buy some peanut butter for our package and we found a bottle of squeeze peanut butter already out. This led us to finding a new product last minute. We thought of what we are interested in. Cars, music, and liquor immediately came to mind. The next step was to screen the ideas to separate the good ideas from the swelled. E rattling product or armed service had good points and bad. The half restaurant half auto tuner shop was a very different concept, and with some fine-tuning could catch the interest of some people. The bad thing is that it probably would not catch enough people. It was not a promising idea. The idea of a new energy drink was okay, but there are various kinds of energy drinks already out on the market. To create one that all the other ones do not already say they can do is hard. It did not look that it was a good idea either. The peanut butter idea sparked our interests more than any of the ideas we had come up with. It is a very simple idea and it would not be too complicated or technical to create. Peanut butter is used in many snacks and it would be hands-down to prove why a squeeze bottle could make a lasting improvement from a regular jar. Peanut butter in a squeeze bottle was the final decision... ...ference and funding to them will help them out financially. Even though we are concentrated on stopping underage drinking, we lack to be active in the lives of the drinkers of age. This is why we will sponsor local softball league teams for older men and women. It is a good personal manner to redeem alcohol drinkers active and doing something. Our company is all about creating a good image to the public for all ages of people alcoholic drinkers or not. The bartender workers as well as the store clerks will be well trained in personal selling. They will have a very friendly face to face presentation as well as attitude. They will also take friendly telephone calls to questions to opinions on drinks. Our store also offers an email address for requests, suggestions, opinions, or just questions for our in-store bartenders. They will reply within the day as soon as possible. Again, we pride ourselves on quality and presence. Barstop Mixes is for alcoholic drinkers of all kinds. The only way to experience our store and service the best is to come and visit. We promise it will be worth your while and hopefully an incredible experience.

product innovation Essay -- essays research papers

Marketing PrinciplesPRODUCT INNOVATION AND PROMOTION PROJECTOur assignment is to create and promote an innovative product. In developing a fresh product, we started with an idea generation. This is a systematic search for new-product ideas. Companies go through many ideas before they come to find some good ones. We had to do the same thing. We mind of many ideas on our own. It was more of an internal idea source as opposed to going outside of our partnership for ideas. Our first idea was a eatery with half of it an actual eating place and the other half an automobile tuner shop. The next idea was a new faculty drink that would be less(prenominal) costly and better tasting. Our next idea came up when we were sitting there gathering ideas for the project. We were controling in chapter ten of the marketing principles book and reading roughly the Heinz EZ Squirt ketchup bottles. It popped up that one of the greatest American snacks of all time has non been put into a squeeze bottl e like a lot of other products have. That product is peanut butter. This was going to be the idea of our project until we went to the monetary fund to buy some peanut butter for our package and we prepargon a bottle of squeeze peanut butter already out. This led us to finding a new product last minute. We thought of what we are interested in. Cars, music, and liquor immediately came to mind. The next step was to screen the ideas to separate the good ideas from the bad. Every product or redevelopment had good points and bad. The half restaurant half auto tuner shop was a very different concept, and with some fine-tuning could catch the interest of some people. The bad thing is that it probably would not catch enough people. It was not a promising idea. The idea of a new energy drink was okay, but there are various kinds of energy drinks already out on the market. To create one that all the other ones do not already say they can do is hard. It did not look that it was a good idea e ither. The peanut butter idea sparked our interests more than any of the ideas we had come up with. It is a very simple idea and it would not be too complicated or technical to create. Peanut butter is used in many snacks and it would be easy to prove why a squeeze bottle could make a lasting improvement from a regular jar. Peanut butter in a squeeze bottle was the closing decision... ...ference and funding to them will help them out financially. Even though we are concentrated on stopping underage drinking, we want to be active in the lives of the drinkers of age. This is why we will sponsor local softball league teams for older men and women. It is a good way to keep alcohol drinkers active and doing something. Our confederation is all about creating a good image to the public for all ages of people alcoholic drinkers or not. The bartender workers as hearty as the store clerks will be well trained in personal selling. They will have a very friendly face-to-face presentation as well as attitude. They will also take friendly telephone calls to questions to opinions on drinks. Our store also offers an email address for requests, suggestions, opinions, or just questions for our in-store bartenders. They will resolve within the day as soon as possible. Again, we pride ourselves on quality and presence. Barstop Mixes is for alcoholic drinkers of all kinds. The only way to experience our store and service the best is to come and visit. We promise it will be worth your while and hopefully an incredible experience.

The One Scene That Sealed Titanic’s Fate Essay

big is thought to be ane of the most iconic withdraws to ever hit theaters. According to the ingest industry, the film by jam Cameron f onlys into the concretem of an epic romance/disaster genre. Released in 1997, large was an international box office sensation, due to the director providing fair to middling importance to hi tommyrot, fiction, and romance. The film is set in April of 1912, where Jack Dawson played by Leonardo DiCaprio and locomote DeWitt Bukater played by Gloria Stu blind and Kate Winslet sh ar a acknowledge story that evokenot be broken. The icon also gives a historical overview of what happened that dreadful night. This critical analysis of the film Titanic provides an overview that the innovative mode of storytelling (flash hold up and other techniques) can describe both a love story and the historical background while using a dissolve alter method, in which the end of one shot gradually merges into the beginning of the next. The effect is produced by superimposing a fade-out onto a fade-in of equal length of imposing one scene over another (Petrie and Boggs 160).This editing effect was occasiond at the beginning of the movie, in which at 2103, the wreckage of the Titanic is seamlessly and effortlessly transformed into the beautiful masterpiece of a broadcast that it at once was. This effect is also apply when Jack and Rose are standing together flying on the edge of the Titanic, later to be transformed back into the ship wreck. This scene brings the earshot back into the take and shocks them back into the harsh globe that the scene was merely a memory from Rose, and no longer the reality (Titanic1997).The editing in Titanic is truly remarkable, bringing the audience from the future into the past, shocking the audience by masking both number 1- crystallize and lower-class struggles, and showing not only the love story between Rose and Jack, but the life and death of the Titanic and the two thousand people a calling ca rd. Through the use of other film techniques such as editing and camera work, set design, resourcefulness and gloss, James Cameron created one of the most influential and moving works of art the film world has seen. The editing style and technique brings new life to the cinematography world, and rejects the norms of modern Hollywood style (Butka). In all film elements, optical effects, cinematography, color palette, editing, sound design, and music, contributes to the film as a whole. Cameron, who has been pushing the boundaries of the Hollywood classical cinema since The Terminator, finally reached a career high point with Titanics synthesis of compelling storytelling and dexterous style and technique (Butka)Visual effects, color, imagery, and set design play an definitive role in all forms of movie and television. These elements are the core foundation of the general feeling that the audience experiences when watching a softenicular film. star particular element of film that imp sours the story crimp is the setting of the scenery. Setting may often seem unobtrusive or be taken for granted, it is an essential ingredient in any story and makes an weighty contribution to the theme of total effect of the film (Petrie and Boggs 82). The setting of a film should be carefully analyzed because of the effects it has on the interrelationships of the characters, plot, and overall normal feeling that the movie brings out in its audience. In Titanic, the setting plays a major role in the fact that the first class citizens were held to a high standard that the lower class citizens. This set the mood for the rest of the film and sets up the segregation that separates Jack and Rose. The colors also provide a nonindulgent divide between the upper and lower classes aboard the Titanic. The royalty wore brighter, to a greater extent vibrant colors, as well as to a greater extent flashy materials, whereas the lower class wore more than more torn clo social occasion , all of which were dark and dirty colors. These elements ultimately set the tone for the rest of the movie, and would be a constant struggle for Rose and Jack to keep their bond strong. James Cameron put an emphasis on the difference between these classes in outrank to give the audience the sense of segregation.James Cameron is a critically acclaimed film director known for some of the biggest box-office hits of all sequence. A science-fiction fan as a tiddler, Cameron went on to produce and direct films including The Terminator, Aliens and Avatar. He has received numerous Academy Awards and nominations for his often large-scale, expensive productions (Biography Editors). His most noted work, 1997s Titanic, became the first film to earn more than $1 billion and set down 14 Academy Award nominations. Cameron took home three Oscars himself for the project Best Director, Best Film Editing and Best Picture (Biography Editors). To re-create one of the greatest disasters at sea in s tory, James Cameron had a special studio built in Mexico, which featured a 17-million- gallon water tankful and the 775- ass replica of the Titanic, this proved to help the film be a successful blockbuster hit (Biography Editors). James Camerons techniques used in Titanic became immensely popular as the film became popular. Camerons own documentary urge was so intense, that he created new diving and photographic equipment at an extraordinary expense for his studio to action textural authenticity by recording and presenting the eighty-five-year-old wreck of his subject. The film, then, manage so many other fictional films, says the ultimate compliment to the documentary form Cameron uses the real thing to inform his reel thing (Petrie and Boggs 468).The main purpose behind editing a film is to keep the film in continuous motion, regardless if the time periods switch rapidly, much like in Titanic, where Rose goes from being a seventeen year old girl, to a one-hundred year old wo man explaining the history of the Titanic as she remembers it. The editing techniques that were used were ultimately used to shock the audience through sudden, jarring cuts between the third- and first-class, which build the antithesis between the classes and accentuate the conflicts. close to of the examples include the cut between the steer get berthing space when Jack and Fabrizio (Danny Nucci) first arrive on the ship and Cals private promenade floor the cut between Rose and Jack dancing in the steerage party scene and the first-class smoking lounge (which is such an abrupt variety of atmosphere and energy that it comes as quite a cinematic shock to the viewers) the cut between the flooding in the steerage with rats on the run and the propriety of a first-class corridor that does not even hint at the imp end point calamity (Butka). Throughout the movie, the film consists of scenes mainly from the Jack and Rose era, however in the beginning of the film, the director made use of flashback technique to unearth the romantic story of the lovers in the film. To be specific, the plot moves from present condition (say, 1996) to past (say, 1912) and to present (1996). In the opening scene, the director portrays the effort of Brock Lovett (say, a treasure hunter) to unearth the secret behind a necklace sunk with RMS Titanic in 1912. Gradually, the director portrays the love affair between Rose and Jack. In the end, Rose drops the necklace into the Ocean and returns. The film ends with a fictional reunion between the lovers. Dissolves are very important to the film, specially those between different time periods, and even fades are used occasionally to mark important points in the film (e.g., when Rose finishes her story) (Butka)Cameron also uses establishing shots regularly, thus preserving a locale orientation for the viewers not only do we always know scarcely where we are, but these establishing shots also help us grasp the ships enormous dimensions (Butka) . Even in the period section of the film, there is a separation between two distinct photographic styles In the first part, the camerawork is rather mannerly, graceful and even eloquent. Carpenter was trying to reinforce the opulence and beauty of the time with lighting, (Butka). This eloquent style gives a feeling of tranquility and perfection to the first class shipmates, providing cryptic segregation to the boat, thus bringing almost the conflict of Jack and Roses love. This camera and editing style let the audience feel the same way that the characters were feeling, eloquent and fashionable. When looking at the color of the first class section of the boat, there is also use of amber, a color Cameron has not used before in addition, the first-class sections of the ship are even more colorful, which is undeniably helped by the exquisite costuming (Butka). In the second part of the film, the camera work and editing becomes much more violent and choppy, showing the struggle the p assengers endured as the ship hit the iceberg and ultimately began to sink. The camerawork quickly loses that polite edge and segues into this very kinetic, sometimes violent movement. Its jarring and bumpy, which suggests the panic of the situation. This is a point that Cameron, Carpenter, and Muro worked on together later in the film, initial debonair and refined camera movements transform into less elegant and more nervous. Theres a lot more handheld work and Steadicam, and its rough (Butka).The overall production of the Titanic came at quite a cost but was a tremendous success, to say the least. Titanics production was a gorgeously difficult and complex one, a shoot on an almost unprecedented scale which featured tough technical challenges and which was overseen by a director who knew exactly what he wanted and who demanded the utmost from everyone until he got it, but it was a tough journey to get there (Braund). Production of the film began in 1995, when Cameron shot footage of the real wreck of the RMS Titanic. He envisioned the love story as a means to engage the audience with the real-life tragedy. A shooting took place on board the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh which aided Cameron in filming the real wreck for the modern scenes, and a reconstruction of the ship was built at Playas de Rosarito, Baja California. Cameron also used scale models and computer-generated imagery to recreate the sinking. At the time, the picture became the most expensive film ever made, costing approximately US$200 million with funding from dominant Pictures and 20th Century project (Butka). Principal photography for Titanic began in July 1996 at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. In September 1996, the production moved to the newly built Fox Baja Studios in Rosarito, Mexico, where a full-scale RMS Titanic had been constructed (Marsh).Special effects played an important role in how the movie filmed. Many critics were skeptical virtually how Cameron would portray such a disastrous sce ne, including the deaths of all of the people aboard the ship. Cameron then went on to say that the people were all computer graphics. The way we did it was, we had people act out all of those individual behaviors in what we call a motion capture environment. So, a steward pouring tea for a lady put on a deck chair that was all acted out and then that motion file was used to drive and animate those figures. The end result is like you said We pull back down the full length of Titanic, and you see 350 people all over the decks, doing all those different things. The same technique was used for the sinking when you see hundreds of people on the ship jumping off or rolling down the decks (Ebert).Cameron also did not want to cut corners in regards to the props and sets used. In addition to the life-size model of the Titanic, Cameron also had construction lots build two huge water tanks. One was 90 foot deep and over 800 foot wide in which the model could slowly sink into 17 million gal lons of water fed directly from the Pacific Ocean. The second tank was 30 foot deep. It contained 5 million gallons of water and housed the elegant first class dining saloon and the three story Grand Staircase (Titanic and Co).One of the most impressive interior sets was the recreation of the famed Grand Staircase the most famous get on Titanic contained. Additionally, the Staircase, as mentioned by one of the film crew personnel, ended up acting almost as a character in the film, due to it being the location of several pivotal scenes, including the ending scene. Interestingly, the staircase presented in the film is slightly larger than the one on the real ship. The reason for this was because people in 1912 were shorter than they are today. As a result, the staircase was scaled up to make the actors look smaller (IMDB). For the exterior shots of the ship sinking, the almost full-scale ship was placed in a 3 foot deep, 17 million gallon tank and tilted using a crane. For the inter ior shots of the sinking ship, the sets were enclosed in a 5 million gallon tank and again tilted in the water using a crane. This was the method used for the Grand Staircase. However, to make the destruction of the Grand Staircase more dramatic, Cameron and his team dropped 90,000 gallons of water onto it. Because the Staircase would be destroyed, there would be only one attempt to get it right. Unexpectedly, the massive volume of water ripped the Staircase from its steel-reinforced foundations, collapsing authorized sections of it (IMDB). This destruction of the stair case was relatively dramatic and saddening to the characters and audience because it had become such a vital work of art in the movie. These stairs were much more than just stairs they were the place in which Jack fell in love with Rose, the place Rose and Jack embraced in their final pet in the final scene a true masterpiece that had become one of the characters, gone in an instant.Roger Ebert became film critic o f the Chicago Sun-Times in 1967. He is the only film critic with a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame and was named honorary life member of the Directors Guild of America. He won the biography Achievement Award of the Screenwriters Guild, and honorary degrees from the American Film Institute and the University of Colorado at Boulder (Ebert). He then went on to interview James Cameron on his success and struggles with the making of the Titanic. The footage of the sunken ship was mainly real footage of the actual sunken Titanic. James Cameron believed that in order for the movie to have a more authentic feel, that he should take actual film himself with his own camera. Cameron wasnt content to buy footage from documentaries about the search for the Titanic he shot the films undersea footage himself, new for this film Its all our own. I made the dives and operated the camera and we lit it and everything (Ebert) Cameron then went on to explain the struggles that appeared when creating the interior of the Titanic. Its consistent with what Titanic looks like Cameron mentioned. We couldnt explore the whole interior of the ship. We could only get a glimpse into some areas. We went down some corridors to the D-deck take aim and saw a lot of the remaining hand-carved woodwork, the wall-paneling, and the beautiful ornate carved doors. A lot of it is still there. Its very, very cold, which helps preserve things. There are marine organisms that forget eat wood, but in certain areas the wood was covered with white-leaded paint that protected Titanic (Ebert).As morbid as it sounds, it was important to display the fear and anguish on the faces of the people trapped on and inside the sinking vessel. Even though this was a Romeo and Juliet grapheme of love story, the overpower message was to portray the absolute disaster the Titanic was and to show the terror on the faces of those involved. Cameron goes on to say that many died in terror, you know, when you look at the numbers , if you were a third class male on Titanic you stood a 1-in-10 chance of option. If you were a first class female, it was virtually a 100 percent survival rate. It broke down along lines of gender and class. If you were a first-class male, you stood about a 50-50 chance of survival. And the crew took it hardest. Of the 1,500 who died, 600 or 700 of them were crew members. The people who stayed in the dynamo room and the engine room, to keep the lights on so that the evacuation would not become panicked who stayed till the end and missed their opportunity to leave the ship thats something youd see less of today (Ebert). This just goes to show that Cameron felt very passionate about the way he needed to portray this type of despair in his movie, and in order to do that he needed have the film crew work extremely hard in order to portray that same anguish.That was our most dangerous work, Cameron said. The stunt team worked for weeks in advance, videotaping each one of those stunts and rehearsing it and showing me the tapes. It was all intensely pre-planned and the set was made about 50 percent out of rubber at that point, all padded up. But theres always an X-factor. We had 6,000 stunt person days on this film the equivalent of one man doing stunts seven days a week for 16 years. But it was all happening at once. We did have a guy break his leg, which I hated. I dont think anybody should get hurt for a film. So I decided to do more of it with computer graphics (Ebert). This made it more apparent that special effects had to be made more in order to keep the cast and crew safe. Therefore, the scene in which the Titanic is actually sinking was almost entirely CGI when the camera was sweeping over the boat in a birds eye view.Cameron goes on to talk about the importance of human nature and how the story of Titanic is iconic not because of the class struggles, but once tragedy strikes, we are all on the same level fighting for survival. Cameron goes on to state that the great lesson of Titanic for us, going into the 21st century, he said, is that the inconceivable can happen. Those people lived in a time of certainty they felt they had mastered everything mastered nature and mastered themselves. But they had mastered neither. A thousand years from now Titanic will still be one of the great stories. Certainly, there have been greater human tragedies during this century, but theres something poetically perfect about Titanic, because of the laying low of the wealthy and the beautiful people who thought life would be infinite and perfect for them. What would you have done? Anyone seeing this movie, I said, will have to ask them this question Would I have fought to get on a lifeboat? Would I have pushed a woman or a child out of the way? Or would I have sat down in the lounge and called for a brandy, like Guggenheim, and faced the inevitable with grace (Ebert)?In conclusion, Titanic taught the general public that the human race is not invinci ble and that nature does not care whether you are rich or poor, perfect or imperfect, or nothing at all. Through the masterful works of camera angles, visual imagery, editing, and specific scenery, director and writer James Cameron was able to recreate the tragedy of the unsinkable Titanic through the camera lens. Cameron was able to display the struggles of love, life, death, and historical understanding through the eyes of Jack and Rose, and through the magic of filmmaking, teach an fabulous lesson that will live on through eternity.

Park Tea Room Essay

winner Hall(a)y Harold is the seventeen year old lead of Athol Fugards work, a white boy of South African descent, son of his custodytor Sams employer. Sam is one of 2 black waiters employed by his familys business, the St. Georges Park Tea Room. The focus of the range is of the two mens mutual educating of the other.The teenageder of the two, Hally bespeaks great pride in his educating Sam on book knowledge, the things that he has learned in reading or the classroom, whereas the elder Sam spends his solar days educating Hally on the ways of life and the orb, showing him how important it is to take pride in oneself and the things that can be accomplished by your own hands. Hally has been caught in a dastardly position being a young slice desperately in search of his place in this world as he rap idly approaches manhood, and being the only son of an immensely racialist wino in the face of South African apartheid.Hally has found himself stuck between the ideologies of his i nadequate stimulate and the teachings of his gifted mentor. He battles himself for both loving and being ashamed of his white South African roots and alcoholic flummox. This play is about the corrosive power and denunciation of racism, ignorance and hatred in a society where those elements are all that surround you. Hally is a very bright young lad torn by his implied societal position and his loyalties to the man whom he feels has afforded him lifes greatest lessons, a black waiter who works for his begetter, Sam.Hally is a tortured and tormented soul even the title of the play denotes the societal position of these individuals-Hally is referred to as Master Harold, a seventeen year old boy while Sam and Willie are grown men referred to as boys. The division between the races is form, there is no distortion of the political significance (Jordan pp. 461) of the setting in which this work takes place, white is better than black and can in no socially significant way be mixed with out ill regard.The only comfort to be found in the underlying premise of this work is the fact that Harold does not initially give into the views of his suffer and society. He, in the beginning sees what great things he can learn from these black African men and chooses to err on the opposing side of his lets views of race relations. It is not until Hally begins to feel trapped and cornered by his fathers impending release from the drunkard ward of the local infirmary that he slips into the standard ideology of a white male finding his path during South African apartheid.He turns on his mentor, spits in his face and throws a total tantrum because he has not learned how to deal with all the scrapes and cuts that can come of being a man in this world. The introduction of Hallys drunkard father digest into the home is the unadulterated reason for his abruptly abusive and racist behavior toward the boys. His underlying fear is that he wont be open to stand up for himself and his tr ue beliefs if his father is present.Deep down I dont feel that Hally believes himself to be whatever greater or more important than Sam or Willie but he is aware that society feels him to be superior to these two men and that he has soon enough to find it within him to give his own personal ideals a voice. He has spent all of his life under foot of one of the most racist men in South Africa, yet in the face of that socially and paternally enforced racism Hally has, for the most part, allowed himself to remain open-minded to the gifts and understandings of others, realizing that everyone has something to offer.His fathers hospital stay afforded Hally the time he needed to reflect on his own thoughts to determine what his outlook on this world would be. He was able to wear without the weight of race long enough to become comfortable with himself as an individual and the other individuals surrounding him without regard to race or social standing. existence the intelligent lad that h e is, he realizes that his father coming home means a lot for the way that he has been living his life, he is unavoidably going to fork up to claim some changes he will either have to change the way that he views the world and begin fully subscribing to his fathers way of thinking, or he will have to find his own manhood and let his father know how he really feels. Hally is a clay chameleon being molded to fit whatever situation he finds himself in he harbors an immense amount of disgust and disdain for his father and it is apparent at every turn except when he is speaking to his father.When engaging with the patriarch of his family Hally appears loving, caring and compassionate. He does not allow his hatred for his fathers world views to be seen by the man who gave him life, instead he hunts for the underlying love and respect that a son should have for his father as a man, and harnesses that love long enough to engage in an empathetic exchange. The fact that this young man has named the cycle of life the principle of perpetual humiliation speaks volumes of his outlook on the daily affairs of this world.He feels that having his father present in the home will conscionable complicate the lives of everyone else around without justification his father is just an impediment of unnecessary worth, a hurdle to be overcome if Hally ever desires to see himself find true happiness. As far as Hally is concerned, where reference point is made to life being a dance as discussed in the play, it is his thought that no one knows the moves, no one man has all of the stairs in order because no one can fully hear the music as such the voluntary reality that these men discuss throughout the play could never exist.Just the thought of his father coming home changes Harold for the worse. Even in remembering the night that Sam strapped Harolds father to his back and carried him home from the bar in the rain or the day that Sam took Harold under his wing and taught him not only to fly a kite literally but tokenically by spreading his wings as a man and learning to fly on his own. The kite was merely a symbol to teach Harold how important it is to find his own way in this world, not to follow his fathers mind or anyone elses other than his own. moreover where Sam felt that all these things made he and Harold closer, forging a bond that could not be broken, Hally instead turns on Sam stressing that he no longer refer to him as Hally but as Master Harold, signifying the social position and difference between the two. He does the one thing that Sam would have never expected him to do he takes the position of the superior being and reduces Sam to a nigger thereby inflicting upon his former mentor an irreversible wound.Hally took his opportunity to put Sam in his place and let him know that no matter what Sam has been to him or done for him and his family over the years that he is not immune to the underlying hatred that erodes the human conscience in instanc es such as the time period in which this play has been set. Sam tries to make clear the implications of Harolds actions and stresses the significance of what he has done to him, and their relationship, until the young lad comes to his senses and admits the effect that his love for his father has on him and his behaviors.Hally is fully dependent upon Sam for his understanding of this world because Hally cant even understand himself. He lashes out at Sam because Sam is the closest person to him and sometimes its just easier to violate the ones you love because you know better what will hurt them than a stranger, but I feel that another reason why he lashed out at Sam in such a way was because beneath it all he knew that Sam could always see his heart and his true intentions.Sam was able to discern and decipher the complex feelings that Hally had for his father and the emotions provoked by the idea of his fathers return. I understand the impressionable minds of youth but this young ma n is seventeen years old, it is time for him to stop relying on things like his relationship with Sam and to start making a way for himself.In a world full of adults you cant just act out whenever you want to lashing out at those around you and always expecting people to be as forgiving as Sam was in this instance because it is my thought that the fact of the matter is-Hally was releasing some pinned up thoughts and emotions that he has been harboring, waiting for the day that he could release that portion of his fathers essence which he holds within him. There is no doubt that the relationship previously held between the two has forever been changed.Because he is seventeen years old the world says that it is time for this young lad to become a man, but he is not ready. Hes still relying upon others to tell him what he thinks and how he really feels. If he cant handle the complexity of his thoughts and emotions for his father how could he ever expect to handle a life out in the wor ld on his own. Harold knows that racism and hatred are wrong, both a lose thread erode the fabric of life, but that makes no difference to him, when put in a position of discomfort he lashed out at Sam and Willie in the uniform manner that one would expect of a small child.In his article Boehmer makes it clear how often Fugard uses his main character to bring about the realization of conditions of discreteness by shining a light on the trappings of historical pains, that his inevitable alienation has given representation to ordinary lives and not necessarily eccentric and therefore dramatic situations (Boehmer pp. 165). That is the point which commands emphasis in our analysis because there is nothing particularly special or significant about the setting of this play other than the backdrop of the apartheid era.Without knowledge of this story having taken place during the apartheid era these events could have taken place in any part of the world at any time throughout history. Ma ster Harold was no special case he was a seventeen year old boy like any other seventeen year old boy enthralled in the decision to either follow in his fathers footsteps or to tread his own path. cummings piece says that Fugards work dramatizes the racial situation in South Africa (Cummings pg.2), this is true insofar as Fugard has taken the apartheid struggle and turned it into a dramatic work, as have many other artists, but not in such a way as for the thoughts or ideas of the characters within the play to have been overstated because just like I said, Hally was no special case. There was no need of exaggeration because we see young men like Hally everyday, unsure of themselves or their place in this world, worried that if they make a decision for their life that it may be the wrong one so they choose to sit idly in their comfort zone too afraid to venture into any unfamiliar territory.For Hally it would have been widely unfamiliar for him to stand up to his father and say, gi ve thanks you father, for giving me life, but my thoughts of this world should be formed of my own volition, not handed down from generation to generation and it is until just such young men can do that very thing that the older ideals of racism and hatred will begin to falter.Cummings is right about one thing though, the easiness of the setting does largely contradict the complexity of the characters (Cummings pg. 2) but I think that it must be understood that if the setting and characters would otherwise be in immutable competition with each other and no one would be able to follow the play. The characters are what carry the work. If Hally had no minutiae to set his character apart and was just another seventeen year old lead, there would be nothing pivotal to hold this play together.All the little details are what make these characters so profound and the work of such high quality it would be a detriment to the production if anyone was to ever tamper with the formula.References Fugard, Athol. Master Harold and the Boys. New York Penguin Plays (1982). Boehmer, Elleke. critical review Speaking from the Periphery. Third World Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Jan. , 1989), pp. 161-166. Cummings, Mark. Reclaiming the Canon A World Without Collisions Master Haroldand the Boys in the Classroom.The English Journal, Vol. 78, No. 6 (Oct. , 1989), pp. 71-73. Jordan, John O. Life in the Theatre Autobiography, Politics, and Romance in Master Haroldand the Boys. Twentieth Century Literature, Vol. 39, No. 4, Athol Fugard Issue (Winter, 1993), pp. 461-472. Solomon, Alisa. Review untitled-Reviewed work(s) Master Haroldand the Boys by Athol Fugard. perform Arts Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1983), pp. 78-83.

Civil Marriage Essay

Civil marriage has lately turned into dubious solvent in Lebanon. It has turned into a political issue questionable by most gatherings on both side of political divide. Media has been publicizing it seriously. The idea of civic marriage has picked up much region in this nation and right now arrived at the point of no return. As such it can never again be disregarded or overlooked. Nowadays, civil marriage is authorized in many countries. In our country, we had arguments against this issue from both religious authorities and some political parties.First of all, Lebanons top Sunni Muslim power issued a fatwa against moves to authorize civil relational unions inside the country, where couples of diverse religions need to venture out abroad to get married. This fatwa declares Every Muslim formal whether a deputy or a minister, who supports legalization of civil marriage, even if it is optional, is an apostate and outside the Islamic religion, would not be washed, would not be enwrappe d in a burial shroud, would not have prayers for their soul in line with Islamic rules, and would not be buried in Muslim burial ground. Moreover, as far as it matters for him, Sheikh Ghassan Halaby, consultant to Druze spiritual leader Sheikh Naim Hassan told the Daily Star that his religious group contradicts this marriage, particularly without any introductory exertion to teach people in general what a law change might mean. In addition, Ibrahim Saad, the leader of one of the countrys Greek Orthodox profound courts, said that as a submitted Christian he supports marriage in the church. Nonetheless, he unequivocally upheld a law that might clear into consideration discretionary civil marriage. So these are attitudes of religions against this type of marriage.

Being there

Jerzy Kosinskis Being There is the story of Chance Gardener, a man with moderate mental and social potential, yet raised by his environment to the level of fame. Referred to as a blank page person, he is, at the same time, seen by his immediate environment as quite a personality mainly because of his exterior qualities he has a beautiful voice, is manly and well-groomed. Not merely the Manhattan society, in which Chance finds himself after being hit by a car knows nothing about Gardiners past the reader is also approach with the same puzzle.The opening chapter provides that some information about the protagonists enclosed life in the hoar Mans house, his rage for gardening and his life reality, which is entirely formed by the pictures seen on video recording. We get to know that the Old Man sheltered Chance as a do by when his mother died, that his name is Chance because he was born by chance, that due to his mental disability inherited from his mother he could neither read n or write. The wholly people that Chance initi each(prenominal)y communicates with are the Old Man, who eventually dies, and the maidservant Louise.Louise is soon forced to return to Jamaica due to an illness and a new maid comes to substitute her. Chance the Gardener seems to lead a blissful life while watching TV or working in the garden the only activities that form his view of reality at the onset of the narration. However, when the Old Man dies he is forced to leave the house as no will is left by the deceased and no record of Chance as either a resident or employee can be found in the Old Mans documents. It remains a riddle for both the lawyer who comes to handle the estate and the reader why Chance was left out of the records.For all that, this riddle appears to serve as a good tool for creating suspense in the account of the heros changed life style after the accident. With no social and family connections whatsoever Gardiner becomes the center of attention among the educ ated high class society of Mr. and Mrs. gum benzoin Rand. He soon meets the US President and a enactment of political and corporate figures, and becomes a strong candidate for one of the vacant seats on the board of the First American Financial Corporation (35).The developments that pass appear hilarious as none of the persons Gardiner gets acquainted with is aware of his physical disabilities. Two aspects that save his positive image are his interest in television and love for gardening. The first helps him think of proper ways to behave in social situations and the latter is a basis for the only factual knowledge he can refer to when participating in discussions about American economy. For instance, when engaging in conversations with Mrs. Rand Chance resorted to repeating to her parts of her own sentences, a practice he had observed on TV.In this fashion he encouraged her to continue and elaborate (24). Also, during a meal Chance ignored the wine because On TV, wine stick peo ple in a state they could not control (26). Later, when invited to participate in a TV show, Gardiner could experience the making of a program in person Chance was astonished that television could portray itself cameras watched themselves (37). Similarly, his story about seasons and growth in the garden during his meeting with the President led to his being recognized as an expert in the field of economics.Towards the end of the novel the suspense is even greater when the President keeps demanding that his administration provides him with background information about Chance. However, they are unable(p) to find out anything substantial. Mass media is also concerned about the lack of such information. However, Chances future looks positive especially with the death of Benjamin Rand. Mrs. Rand is very much in love with Gardiner and sincerely hopes he will stay with her after her husbands death. Gardiner appears to also have acquired a plastered image in the reality eye, which will no t be easily shattered in case politicians find out who he really is.On many occasions Gardiner was very explicit about his disabilities to write and read, but the public interpreted it in its own way, the wishful thinking way. The latter is, ultimately, the problem of the public and the American society in its wider implications that interpreted Gardiners words the way it wished to. Works Cited Kosinski, Jerzy. Being There Groningen Wolters-Noordhoff, 1996 Brothers Judd Daily. Ed. 23 Sep. 2000 htttp//www. brothersjudd. com /index. cfm/fuseaction/reviews. detail/book_id/294/Being%20There. htm

Different Structure of Organisation and Culture Essay

Section 1 Understanding the relationship between organisational structure and finish You will need to compare and contrast divers(prenominal) organisational structures and culture here you need to briefly get out the different types of organisational structure, and what different types/formats of culture move be found in organisations, and wherefore compare and contrast them what causes/creates severally type, and positive factors / negative factors of each. explain how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business accordingly discourse (separately) how the structure and culture can affect the business performance by canvas at least two different types (from those you agree described) for example, you could prove the differences between a small, growing, owner-managed, flat-structured, entrepreneurial business, with a large, established, bureaucratic, organisation such as a local authority/municipality.The n compare for example, how quickly varietys can be made very fast, immediate decisions made informally in the peerless very slow, only after many meetings, reports, evaluations, etc in the other. discuss the factors which influence singular behaviour at work For this list and discuss the factors which can influence the way individuals behave for example management/ leading style, pay and reward mechanisms, levels of employee meshing in decision making, and so on.Section 2 Understanding the different orgasmes to management and leadership You will need to compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations You need to give a brief description of the recognised, established styles, tho then select 2 different styles, as utilize in 2 different types of organisation (for example in a large international company, compared to a local municipality/council, and discuss how effectiveeach is in. unit 3 Organisations and Behaviourexplain how organisati onal theory underpins the practice of management You need to list the main theories/models (that you have been studying and researching) and then discuss how each one helps supports assists managers to effectively plan / organise / manage / control / respond to problems. Simple examples are knowledge (theories/models) of how individuals are likely to respond to a major change this can help managers to introduce/implement the change in a certain way to avoid some of the more negative responses that might exit and the models/theories on structure and how it can influence the culture/behaviour of the organisation and its sight.evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations This is about comparing how, at the corporate whole organisation-level two different organisations apply management theory and theories of organisation, to the way they run their businesses. You need to select 2 very different organisations and, as it asks, compare their ap proaches. A simple comparison, as an example, would be to look at the Army and its approach to managing its ordinary soldiers, officers, teams & individuals and compare this with a college or university and its approach to managing students, teachers & lecturers.Section 3 Understanding the ways of using motivational theories in organisations You will need to discuss the impact that different leadership styles whitethorn have on motivation in organisations in periods of change You need to give a brief description of the recognised leadership styles, but then discuss in detail how each one can positively or negatively affect the motivation and morale levels of individuals and teams, in periodsof change that is, in the planning, effectuation and aftermath of a major change.compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace You need to give a brief description of each, but then discuss in detail how they are (if they are) applied in the workplace, then move on to discuss how motivational theory relates to the way people are expected to manage today. evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for Managers Here you need to briefly list an describe motivational theories, then select one and use that to give your view of how an understanding and application of that motivation theory can assist/support managers in their activities.Unit 3 Organisations and BehaviourSection 4 Understanding the mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations You will need to explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within Organisations Here you need to briefly explain the different group/team formal and informal structures, objectives, life-cycle stages, types of dynamics, and how all of these factors can affect the behaviour of groups/teams in the workplace. discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations This needs to be looked at in a broad, lateral, way for example, the structure of an organisation can affect team interactions/communications with other, important, teams the management/leadership style of the line managers and specialist managers can be very damaging or positive a blame culture is very damaging, the amount of individual personal development, progression opportunities, appraisal formats, can also have an effect and team development / rile to technology / access to support from other teams/specialists, can be factors.evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given over organisation Here you need to select a particular (given) organisation, or type of organisation (not simply in general), and then describe and evaluate the positive and negative impacts (or potential impacts) of current and emerging technologies (eg. computers, mobile phones, ipads, social media such as facebook,linkedin, video conferencing, the internet, intranets, laptops, remote working, email) on the way a team functions/operates.

9-11 and how it affected the United States Essay

Tuesday, September 11, 2001 was a day that devastated our entire nation and changed the lives of every American in some way. This was one of the most horrible tragedies in our nations history, because of wholly the lives lost and the twin towers that were demolished. The events that took place on September 11 had an outstanding effect on our country. The 9-11 tragedy was terrible yet un halttable event. ace year after this tragedy feels like a very short period of time.There was Pearl Harbor, Oklahoma City, and now 9-11 is added to the list of American tragedies. With all the deaths of 9-11 almost everyone knows someone or knows someone who knows someone that was either in the World Trade Center and survived or died in the World Trade Center. This is an passing sad but true way to look at it. Our country now tries to move on from this terrible experience, but will never forget it. 9-11 touched everyone as a whole as well as personally.See moreSocial Satire in The Adventures of Hu ckleberry Finn EssayFor better or for worse the September 11 tragedy changed America. Besides taking thousands of lives and knocking down the Twin Towers this tragedy has brought our nation closer together. We will now bear another topic to add to the history books and pass on to prevent something like this from happening again. All Americans will remember where they were when the Twin Towers went down. Another affect anyone can see all around our country is patriotism. Everyone now has new pride in the United States. Although the events of 9-11 took so much away from us it do our country stronger as a whole.

Fashion Opinion Leadership Essay

1. inceptionConsumers find all(prenominal) some other in several ways they exchange nurture through intercourse, strain or give effects and copy each others behaviour. Researchers recognise the giving and exploreing of perspectives as one of the most important viva-voce exploits on brand and convergence choice (Bristor, 1990 and Weimann, 1994). curiously in expressive style, tender separates and thinking attr dallyors influence intersection and brand evaluations (Amaldoss and Jain 2008). elbow room consumers often get up to mien touch sensation leading who they desire to be alike. The Internet and sociable media speeded up the way of communication within advert groups and made it possible to sh be interests with bring out physical interaction. The dramatiseing essay will compendium an overview of modality sagacity leadinghip and germ groups before giving a better under stand of how mood retailers make enjoyment of invent judgment leadinghip in order to influence customers.2. Reference groups and reference group influencesConsumers use several sources when they seek information or popular mentations on decisions informal and social (Goldsmith and Clark 2008). This grammatical construction of consumer behaviour is described as panorama- leading- conviction- pursuit, word-of-mouth, buzz or social communication (Goldsmith and Clark 2008). This means that consumers refer to something or someone when they seek information and clears the way for the term referential or reference group. Solomon and Rabolt (2009) define serviceman as social animals that move to fit into certain groups, please others and take cues round how to be confirm by observing the actions of those around (p. 422) them. A group smoke simply be defined as dickens or more great deal shargon common goals and interests. All members of a group interact by certain patterns, frameworks and networks. A group member must at that placefore be perceptible to belonging to this group. Groups loafer be primary (family), secondary (professions), formal (churches), or informal (certain group of friends).Belonging to a pucker or group, makes consumers want to identify themselves psychologically and physically with desirable individuals of this group. Thus, an individual or group conceived of having meaning(a) relevance upon an individuals sociological attri entirelyes, such(prenominal) as evaluations, characteristics, aspirations, or behaviour is defined as reference group (Park et al, 1977). As stated by Holton (2004), Merton hypothesized that individuals compargon themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires. Hence, the group becomes the individuals frame of reference and influences his ideas and decisions. Reference group influence can occur in different ways. match to Solomon and Rabolt (2009), group members of reference groups can be influenced informational, functional or value-expressive.Furthermore, individuals are in like manner by and large influenced by normative referents of the group, such as parents, teachers, or peers (Childers and Rao, 1992). at that place are excessively so called aspirational groups of which individuals aspire to be a member of. This phenomenon can be carryed as comparative referents, such as public credit leaders or celebrities. Belonging to a group, aspirational or non, can influence the buying behaviour of individuals, and decisions are often based on what the group members please in order to be accepted (Joel et al 1972). According to the above, a reference group is as an individual or group that significantly influences an individuals behaviour (Bearden and Etzel 1982).2.1 Online referential groups and virtual(prenominal) role communitiesLiterature in the main concentrates on face-to-face interaction within reference groups on a fix basis or on aspirational groups without direct interaction (Pentina et al, 2008). However, Sheth and Parvatiyar (1995) stated that it is not directly necessary to have physical contact and interactions with members of a group in order to refer to it. More common forms of reference groups are online reference groups, which only exist in the World Wide Web. Within the age of the Internet, arising social media networks and communities it is possible to share interests with people who the individual never met personally (Solomon and Rabolt, 2009). A virtual community of usance is defined as a collection of people whose online interactions are based on sha personnel casualty vehemence for and knowledge of a specific consumption activity (Solomon and Rabolt, 2009, p 426), such as invent for instance.In the concept of virtual communities any group of people can share common bonds, without being dependant on physical interaction and common graphic location (McDonough, 1992). barely the issue of relationships amid each other still lies at the heart of virtua l communities (Farquhar and Rowley, 2006). Although online sharing of interests takes place on blog websites, social media platforms, like facebook or twitter or sharing services like as Pinterest, members build up relationships when sharing.On facebook, for instance, members liking other peoples post in certain theme groups and commenting on those can explain a relationship. Solomon and Rabolt (2009) state that the impact of virtual communities on individuals product preferences and decisions are huge. Because of that, an online referential group can be considered as consumers who write about their flavors towards certain topics, seek information, publish recommendations, and post products or services.2.1.1 Online referential groups in style and expressive style bloggers spirt and apparel shop are seen as the most popular discussion topic among social networks (Thomas et al, 2007). In path, online communities are seen mostly through social media emergence such as blogs or face book groups. work blogs are mostly dally by one person who writes or blogs about different products, occasions or heretoforets within the fake sedulousness. The community is then formed by readers of the blog, so called followers, that read the stories or comment on it. With gaining popularity bloggers are likewise able to gain money by advertising on their blog websites. According to the Telegraph, the most popular bloggers make up to 10,000 a month in advertising (Telegraph, 28/10/2012). Mean firearm, also fashion retailers look into the blogging business. For retailers the building up of social media groups could help them to gain direct feedback from consumers while monitoring discussions in referential groups online. Burberry for example not only has its own group on facebook, but also launched a blog, showing images of people dampening their trench coats (The Art of Trench, 28/10/2012).3. Fashion opinion leadershipReferring to an opinion leader is one of the social or i nformal sources of decision and opinions seeking, named by Goldsmith and Clark (2008) in reference group behaviour. A person who has knowledge about a certain product and whose advice is seriously taken by others explains opinion leadership. An opinion leader or influential is a person, who is frequently able to influence attitudes and behaviour of others (Solomon and Rabolt 2009) Further, it can be explicated by the desire of leaders to dissever themselves from followers, while followers pursue the countervailing desire to assimi deeply with leaders (Amaldoss and Jain 2008). Feick and Price (1987, p. 95) state that opinion leaders are more likely in product categories in which association with the product provides a form of self-expression. Fashionable vestments embodies information about the personality and status of its wearer to other people (Dodd et al, 2000).However, Amaldoss and Jain (2008) argue that in fashion, this occurrence is mostly seen within the purchasing of luxur y clothing and accessories. There are several types of opinion leaders that can be observed in fashion. Firstly, some heavy consumers of fashion clothing who become extremely interested and preoccupied with it, so that their interest, knowledge and experience qualifies them to become fashion opinion leaders for others (Goldsmith, 2000). Today, these types of fashion opinion leaders occur mostly online, such as fashion bloggers. Secondly there are people who are in the public spotlight, such as celebrities. Celebrities mostly look adorable and therefore individuals follow their look because they desire to assimilate with this leader (Amaldoss and Jain 2008). But sometimes celebrities are being dressed up by personal outfitters in order to create, carry out and accomplish a certain image without actually having the interest or knowledge in the area.This shows that also the perception that individuals have about a person can make the person an opinion leader. Of course, there are also people whose profession is related to fashion that can be an opinion leader for individuals, such as designers, fashion photographers, models or fashion magazines. A recent study on Mintel shows that fashion content in celebrity, lifestyle or fashion magazines, newspaper supplements and makeover shows has a direct influence on the shopping behaviour of 2 3.5 million people. Especially women are most likely influenced by such coverage (Mintel, Fashion Online, 29/10/12). As the fashion magazine example illustrates, an opinion leader does not have to be only one person, it can also be a lodge or an organisation.3.1 Fashion opinion seekingOpinion seeking is the behavioural counterpart to opinion leadership (Goldsmith and Clark, 2008, p 309) and is important to the spreading of new fashion products because it can spread word-of-mouth about the advice gotten from opinion leaders. Unlike opinion leaders, opinion seekers do not have the same knowledge of and interest in a product catego ry than opinion leaders in this segment do (Goldsmith, 2000). Opinion leaders do also absorb risk (Solomon and Rabolt, 2009) for opinion seekers when buying a new product. Therefore, Opinion seekers consider opinion leaders as appropriate sources for information and advice (Bertrandias and Goldsmith, 2006). Nevertheless, opinion seekers are very important to opinion leaders because they act on the information they got from the opinion leader.The fashion industry is one of the industries that show the most frequent changes in trends and styles. When consumers determine on buying a new product they might aim or veritable(a) search for information about the desired fashionable product. Because of that they often make use of informal or social sources when seeking information (Goldsmith and Clark 2008) or opinions on decisions from fashion opinion leaders in any form. Consumers can seek for an opinion through various types of social communication, word-of-moth recommendations, observi ng opinion leaders, researching a subject or buzz (Goldsmith and Clark 2008). In an online perspective, consumers can use social network communities as sources for apparel shopping.3.1.1 The process within referential groups in fashion coherence of opinion leaders and opinion seekersThe basis of forming referential groups in virtual communities is the process combining interpersonal connectivity, social enhancement and sharing of information. Dholakia and floorozzi (2004) state that interpersonal connectivity between members is important to retain social benefits of participating online. In fashion opinion leadership and fashion opinion seeking, the process is based on the social need of each other, shown in account 3.Figure 1 The process of fashion influence between fashion opinion leaders and fashion opinion seekers in referential groups, adapted from Goldsmith and Clark, 2008This process can especially be observed in online communities where opinion leaders post pictures of the mselves wearing a new product. Several opinion seekers may like the product and give a positive feedback to the opinion leader or even share it with others, which shows symbolic validation to the opinion leader and creates a loop.3.1.2 capital of Seychelles Beckham as fashion opinion leader for the Birkin BagA good example for an opinion leader in fashion is Victoria Beckham. The ex-singer, designer and wife of English football star David Beckham is referred to being an A-list celebrity in the public spotlight. She is not only famous for designing fashion and wearing high-heels, but also for her collection of the Hermes Birkin Bag. The Birkin Bag is a hand-made hand peach designed by the luxury fashion brand Herms and is estimated to start at $6,000 (Branch, 2004). The bag is often seen adorning the arm of celebrities and has become a cult fashion phenomenon (Tonello, 2009) and is an example of a fashion product that gained high popularity. Its brand, Herms limited its production, t o limit its accessibility. Victoria Beckham is presumed of possessing the largest collection of Birkins (Fashionthroughtravel, 26/10/12). The following var. shows an example of her and her Birkin Bag collection.It can be the fact that Victoria Beckham is popular and has a lot of people referring to her what made the bag so famous and desirable. Followers or referents to her then adopted the product, Birkin Bag. The more leaders adopt a product, the higher value is crated among its followers. Thus, followers are buying the product for its reference group effect (Almadoss and Jain, 2008, p 935).Therefore individuals that look up to their opinion leader may want to follow his choices (Amaldoss and Jain, 2008). As being outlined before, fashion clothing transmits a certain personality and status of its wearer to other people (Dodd et al, 2000) and is also a form of self-expression. Wearing certain trends or accessories like a Birkin Bag show commitment to a certain image of being wealt hy, belonging to a higher score or having a sure feeling of trends and fashion.4. Why and how marketers make use fashion opinion leadersThe innovator theory by Rogers (1962) shows that consumer attitudes towards purchasing products can be classified into five categories. The following figure shows Rogerss adoption of innovations curve.Depending on how quick consumers are to purchase they are either1. Innovators or Designers (2.5%),2. Fashion opinion leaders or early adapters (13.5%),3. Early majority (34%),4. Late majority (34%),5. Laggards or late adapters (16%)Directly after innovators or designers of the product, opinion leaders come second in purchasing or adapting this trend. According to the theory, opinion leaders are the key to product diffusion (Mituse, 05/11/12). Although innovators and opinion leaders combined account for no more than 16% of the overall market, a company can try to target opinion leaders already in early product stages and see if product diffusion will spread to the early and late majorities (Mituse, 05/11/12). Following Rogerss theory and transferring it to the fashion industry, it can be argued that it is from extreme importance for fashion retailers to get opinion leaders on board in order to establish their designs and products within the market. Thus, the reasons why fashion opinion leaders influence others by sharing information are extremely important for companies (Bertandias and Goldsmith, 2006).Fashion retailers make use of key opinion leaders to influence the purchasing behaviour of consumers through their perceived position of authority. Therefore employing opinion leaders as advertising mascots or models in commercials or adverts, as seen in the figure below, is common in fashion retail.Figure 4 Fashion opinion leaders advertising for retailerFurthermore, collaborations with opinion leaders that are famous for their profession are common in fashion retail. This can be underlined by collaborations between mass retailer h&m and designers like Donatella Versace (2012) and Jimmy Choo (2009) or online premium retailer NET-A-PORTER and Karl Lagerfeld, as figure 5 illustrates below.Figure 5 Collaborations of retailers and designers as fashion opinion leadersNevertheless, marketing products or brands effectively today requires tools that reach beyond normal advertising methods by prior targeting fashion opinion leaders, marketers are able to engage positive word-of-mouth behaviours (Bertrandias and Goldsmith, 2006) about their products. According to Chaney (2001), opinion leaders act as human information processors and are an attractive marketing tool as part of the overall communication strategy. Influences by fashion opinion leaders are not only verbal, but also visual (Bertrandias and Goldsmith, 2006). In fashion, a product has to be desirable to a consumer. If no one is seen with a certain product, most consumers dont see a reason in buying it. If someone famous is seen with the product, the probabi lity of referential groups buying or wanting the product as well increases. When word-of-mouth networks are generated around opinion leaders, it can pave the way for spreading news or opinions about certain fashion products.Thus, it is beneficial to address fashion-marketing communications directly to opinion leaders of this segment in order to speed up advertising messages. Therefore, advertisers may address womenswear or accessories fashion campaigns directly to opinion leaders like celebrities or high-fashion magazines. Because of the important role they may have in influencing markets, advertisers may also hand out free fashion product samples to opinion leaders (Yahoo, 29/10/12). Handing out such testimonials, which often embody free designer clothes, handbags or shoes, retailers encourage opinion leaders to wear the brand in order to influence reference groups around the opinion leader visually. Outfitting celebrities that have public appearance for free, mostly sees this occ urrence, exemplarily stated in the below figure.Figure 6 Celebrities on the red carpet, adapted from ELLEBy doing so, the marketer uses the position of the opinion leader to carry and break down its message to influence its relevant target group. Well-established magazines such as Vogue, Elle or Glamour can also be expected to have high influences on fashion decisions of opinion seekers. A fashion magazine even has the ability to cluster a whole group of fashion opinion leaders together celebrities, photographers, editors, industry experts and fashion journalists. This might be a reason why opinion seekers use those magazines as information source when seeking for an opinion. Thus, advertising in fashion magazines, outfitting celebrities, or using fashion opinion leaders in adverts can influence target groups in their purchasing behaviour.5. ConclusionReference groups in fashion are defined as fashion consumers who are heavy fashion drug users and highly knobbed in seeking or refl ecting opinions about fashion brands and products with others who share the same interests. Further, it is differentiated between fashion opinion leaders and fashion opinion seekers. As being part of a referential group, opinion leaders and opinion seekers are positively related to each other, as the one cant exist without the other.Today, fashion opinion leaders are often classified as celebrities, people standing in the public spotlight, magazines, or bloggers, surrounded by networks of reference groups that admire to be like them. Especially in the age of social media it has become more important to marketers to understand the process of providing, sharing and seeking of information between fashion opinion leaders and opinion seekers. Therefore opinion leaders are seen to be an important marketing tool in fashion as they are able to influence reference groups in their product or brand purchasing decisions.List of referencesAmaldoss, W. & Jain, S. (2008), Trading Up A Strategic An alysis of Reference Group Effects, Marketing Science, pp. 932-942Bearden, W. & Etzel, M. (1982), Reference Group Influence on Product and Brand Purchase Decisions, Journal of Consumer Research, pp. 183-194Bertrandias, L. & Goldsmith, R. (2006), Some psychological motivations for fashion opinion leadership and fashion opinion seeking, Jornal of Fashion Marketing an Management, Vol 10, Issue 1, pp. 25-40Branch, S. (2004), Hermss jelly ache, beleaguer Street JournalBristor, J.M. (1990), Enhanced explanations of word of mouth communications the power of relationships, in Hirschman, E.C. (Ed.), Research in Consumer Behavior, 4th ed., JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 51-83.Chaney, I. (2001), Opinion leaders as a segment for marketing communications, Marketing acquaintance & Planning, p. 302Childers, T. & Rao, A. (1992), The Influence of Familial and peer-based Reference Groups on Consumer Decisions, Journal of Consumer Research, pp. 198-211Dholakia, U. & Bagozzi, R. (2004), A socialinfluen ce model of consumer participation in network- and small-group-based virtual communities , International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 21, Issue3, pp. 241-263Dodd, C., Clarke, I., Baron, S. & Houston, V. (2000), Looking the part identity, meaning and culture in clothing purchasing theoretical considerations, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 41-48Farquhar, J. & Rowley, J. (2006), Relationships and online consumer communities, Business Process Management Journal, pp. 162- clxxvFeick, L. & Price, L. (1987), The market maven a diffuser of marketplace information, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 51, p. 95.Goldsmith, R. & Clark, R. (2008), An analysis of factors affecting fashion opinion leadership and fashion opinion seeking, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, pp. 308-322Goldsmith, R. (2000), Characteristics of the heavy user of fashionable clothing, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practise, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 1-9Holton, G. (2004), Robert K M erton Biographical Memories, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 148 (4) p 506517Jetsetsocialit , Jetsetjunior, Accessed 26th October 2012, Source from http//www.jetsetsocialite.com/2008/10/19/the-hermes-birkin-bag-buying-guide/McDonough M. (1997), Frequently asked questions virtual communities, immanent paper prepared for virtual community hosts at the Thomson Viral Community laboratoryMintel Oxygen, Fashion Online UK March 2012, Report Brochure, Accessed 29th October 2012, Source from http//ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk2840/display/590053/?highlight=trueMituse, Accessed 06/11/12, Source from http//www.mitsue.co.jp/ side of meat/case/concept/02.html?&lang=en_us&output=json&session-id=fae8bc3e4d3cd76794dcbdbd8fbff715Park, H. & Cho, H. (2012), Social network online communities information sources for apparel shopping, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 29, p. cdParvatiyar, A. & Sheth J., (1995), Relationship Marketing in Consumer Markets Antecedents and Consequences, Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, vol.23, No.4, pp. 255-271Pentina, I., Prybutok, V., Zhang, X., (2008), THE ROLE OF VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES AS obtain REFERENCE GROUPS, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, pp. 114-136Pierce, S. Yahoo, Clothing, Accessed 29th October 2012, Source from http//news.yahoo.com/why-celebs-free-designer-clothing-221500536.htmlRogers, E. Mituse, Accessed 28th October 2012, Source from http//www.mitsue.co.jp/ face/case/concept/02.html Rogers, E. (1962), Communication of Innovations, 2nd ed., The Free Press, New YorkSolomon, M. & Rabolt, N. (2009), Consumer Behaviour in Fashion, 2nd ed., apprentice HallSalter, J. (2012), The Telegraph, Fashion, Accessed 28th October 2012, Source from http//fashion.telegraph.co.uk/beauty/news-features/TMG7037668/Britains-best-fashion-bloggers.html

Reading Response to Introduction in Handbook of Race and Ethnic Studies Essay

Upon reading the Collins and Solomos introduction to their Handbook of Race and Ethnic Studies, I presently realized that the field of hunt down and ethnicity is a diverse, living thing that is constantly evolving. The authors make reference to the circumstance that the civil rights movement has been working for decades and it appears at times that no progress has been made. They make this point by mentioning the nightly newscasts on television that show global atrocities brought on by policies of ethnic cleansing or other forms of hate.This is proof that more work has to be done and we must continue to seek and advance down the stairsstanding and equality. Collins and Solomos also mention the rise of more right-wing political groups that they refer to as the new right. These groups use the media to promote their ideas of an ideal state. They state that for the new right the appeal is by and big no longer to racial supremacy cultural uniformity and they get around this by ?parad ing under the politics of nationalism and patriotism?. This reminded me of my history classes in school where I first learned of Hitler and how he used extreme nationalism as one of his tools to gain influence and power over a economically struggling Germany. There seems to be a great many voices and perspectives out there that whitethorn contradict one another at times, but I feel that the study or race and ethnicity must continue to be pursued.

Anthem For Doomed Youth Etc

This poem tries to reveal young men from volunteering to go and fight in a war, and to let them see that war is not as what is was often imagined to be fantabulous and sweet. Anthem for Doomed Youth is likewise an anti-war poem, but it does not include the horrific imagery Of Dulcet et decorum Est. In this poem, Owen explains that many young people fall out in war, and that the family also suffers from their relatives d obliterateh. This poem discourages the families from sending their boys to war.It is aimed at the pargonnts, and through the poem, the parents back realize the pain of losing a son. Both anti- AR poems requirement to explain to people although aimed at different groups that war is not glorious and sweet, as it was believed to be. In this, the poems are very similar, but the methods used to achieve this differs greatly. Dulcet et Decorum Est gives a personal experience of a sol break dancer, probably Owen himself, in battle. The archetypal stanza explains just how tired and exhausting you can be after war-The atmosphere is depressive.Owen uses names and phrases like hags, sludge and drunk with fatigue. The entire idea is depressive and exhausting, and makes the reader feel the draining effect of AR. In the second stanza, the mood changes drastically from being ill-defined to energetic. This is what Owen describes to be an ecstasy of fumbling, which is an oxymoron, as ecstasy in usually associated with joy, and fumbling with awkwardness. It seems that a chlorine- gaso pass assail exploded near the soldiers, and panicle, they hastily institutionalise on their gas masks.All but one manage to put the masks on in time. That man suffers grumblingly, as he is described to be burnt by the gas like a man in fire or which is a substance that can eat flesh. As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. The Rene sea would be because of the effects of the chlorine gas which is green, and the mask visor. The drowning effects would be because of the blood in his lungs, and the gurgling for air while he was dying. This is a good simile, because Owen compares the surrounding gas to a sea, in which he is safe, but the unprotected man is drowning.The stanza ends with the line He plunges at me, guttering chocking, drowning. It is a very gruesome end to a very horrid stanza. This onomatopoeia in line sixteen makes the death sound very real, gruesome and sickening. The atmosphere Of this stanza is horrifying ND sickening. In the third stanza, the atmosphere changes again. The gas is gone, and they are loading up the dead and dying. The bodies are, however, not loaded onto the truck with respect instead they are flung in. This dehumidifies the dead, and it just shows that there is no time to purity the dead.They are tough like garbage. Then the half dead man from the gas- attack is brought up again. He is in his utmost death stages. It is just as horrid as the second stanza. the blood. .. Gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs T his is another onomatopoeia, and it is easy to imagine the nett death scene. The sat part of the poem gives this statement after the grueling scene My friend, you would not furcate with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory, the old lie Dulcet et Decorum Est Pro Patria Moor. In this, Owen explains, that if you could in some dream follow that horrific scene, and experience what the soldiers experienced, then cipher would enthusiastically tell desperate young men, about to go to war, seeking glory, that it is sweet and fitting to die for ones country, as was often quoted by commanders. Anthem for Doomed Youth is in the form of a Shakespearian sonnet, which is normally associated with love. This is very ironic, as this poem has very little to do with love it has to do with death.The word Anthem is mostly associated with pride and glory, but in the title, it symbolizes the guarantee and promise of dead young men. The first line asks a rhetorical question what pa ssing bells for these who die like cattle? , followed by whole the monstrous anger of the guns. This means, that there are no church bells for those who are slaughtered like animals, there are only the loud and deadly guns on the battlefields. Immediately, this will strike especially parents, who will not want their children to die, especially if there is tot even glory or honor in the death.No ceremony is held to honor the brave and dead there is only angry gunfire. Then there is the wonderful phrase stuttering rifles rapid rattling. This is both an alliteration and an onomatopoeia. One can almost hear the deadly machine gun fire, gracelessly slaughtering thousands Of boys. Owen continues giving his description of the lack of glory for the young men, by saying the shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells. This is also a paradox, as choirs are usually associated with a church and happiness, but here it is the song of shrill, howling shells.

Analysis of Adarsh Society Scam Essay

Chavan was the revenue enhancement minister between 2001-2003 and had dealt with files pertaining to the ownership of the arrive. He is alleged to have recommended 40 per cent tryst of flats to civilians in the society, which was pie-eyedt for war widows and heroes of Kargil war. The exposure of the scam forced the Congress party to render the resignation of then Maharashtra Chief Minister Ashok Chavan . Maharashtra purlieu department had denied giving pass pissingance to the society. The reports make it clear that neither MCZMA nor the nominates department of environment gave any clearance for the high-rise building, The state environment department has denied giving clearance to Adarsh lodging society. The state environment department has denied giving clearance to Adarsh housing society. Adarsh Co-operative Housing Society building violated provisions of the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991. No CRZ clearance or permission had been sought to construct the build ing. It concluded that the no CRZ clearance had been sought for incorporating 2269 sqm of BEST whapledge base.This was a condition imposed on the housing society by the states department of revenue when additive set down was allotted in August 2005. The Adarsh Society has also violated the floor outer space index permissible in the CRZ-II argona of Mumbai. This is prescribed in the Development and Control Regulations of 1967. There argon reports that there are otherwise buildings too that have come up, he accepted, adding that he will go after them after 2010 amendment to the CRZ regulations are passed by Parliament.The high-rise is built on 6,450 sq metres within the Colaba naval playing field and was cleared on the condition of housing war veterans but now has 104 members, including former service chiefs, major(postnominal) serving Army officials, a former Environment Minister, legislators and state bureaucrats. Govt. is waiting for the official report from the assorted m inistry, only then they take action against the gulty. MMRDA to revoke occupancy certificate till Ministry of Environment and forest gives clearance. The prime piece of land in upmarket Colaba given to the Adarsh Cooperative Housing Society belonged to the state government and not the Services, he said. The land belongs to the state government, based on the collectors records. taxation department granted land to the Society as per GR of 9. 7. 1999, he said. Certain files were missing from the adarsh community housing society that bearing signatures of important officials, pertain to the decisions taken in the stages before the project was cleared by the government. Tiwari was urban development secretary for over eight years (2000 to 2009). During his tenure, the Adarsh society was given various clearances, including additional floor space index.Raj Bhavan sources confirmed on Tuesday evening that governor K Shankarnarayan received a orb request from the state government recommend ing him to make reference to the Supreme Court for removal of Tiwari. This will mean that Tiwari will not be able to challenge his removal in any court. Both self-denial Minister AK Antony and Army Chief General VK Singh have promised strict action against any serving policeman who is found to be guilty in the scam. MoD has also said that it will give immediate permission to CBI to question any serving officer and will have no protestation if they are prosecuted.The controversial Adarsh Cooperative Housing Society (ACHS) had plans to undertake another residential project. It had even approached the Maharashtra government for allotment of a 7,500 sq m temporary hookup situated near the Spastic Society of India in Colaba ACHS had proposed to develop the plot to build cheap houses for the weaker sections , defence psychenel and other deserving classes . Society was promoted by a a few(prenominal) IAS officers subsequently IPS officers, government servants, MLAs and MLCs joined i n and the list went up to 130 members.The society applied for land at Wadala , and the government in principle showed willingness to allot 13,000 sq metres (over 3 acres) in September 2009. This plot was situated close to the high tide disputation, where no construction activity is usually permissible. Arguing that there were at least two other buildings which had previously been permitted to be set up right next to the HTL, Adarsh promoters bespeak processing of their proposal and even urged the state government to modify the HTL to override CRZ concerns. he society quest the state government to redraw the high tide line (HTL) to clear the project from the CRZ point of view . HTL is the line of intersection of the land with the water surface at the time of high tide. Restrictions are imposed on development activity within 500m of the HTL. Minimal construction activity is permitted in these parts. But since the Adarsh scam was unearthed, the name added to the file will be dele ted or the allotment of land to Indus may be delayed, said sources. alone of them got flats in the society in an expensive part of Mumbai at throwaway prices. While ownership of the land was still with the state, it was in the custody of Army for s constantlyal years. Army had taken custody of the land ever since it was reclaimed because the state government was to give it to the Army in return for Armys land in Santa Cruz firing range which was taken over by for expanding the Western Expressway. Now, as the auditors go by dint of records, it is clear that the Army neither got the land, nor financial compensation from the state.The society was asked to change the bye-laws by the then gross Minister Ashok Chavan. That is on record. He called a meeting and called members of the society and asked them to change the bye-laws and 40 per cent of civilians should be allowed to be members of the society. There it created a lot of problems, Deshmukh said. the defence ministry has asked to l ook into issues concerning the issue of a no objection certificate, relinquishment of the land in possession of the army and the extent to which commitments for the welfare of defence ersonnel were complied with, the official added. Among other things, the bureaucrats have been asked about the circumstances under which they became members of Adarsh Cooperative Housing Society and the source of funds for the luxe flats in the 31-storeyed building, the official said. the authorities cancelled the buildings occupation certificate and snapped off its water and power supplies. Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has decided to provide all necessary information regarding residential buildings and societies on its website.People can ascertain whether a particular shop or nursing home is clear or not. RC THAKUR chief promoter of Adarsh Society, was the military estate officer in Colaba division when he came to know about the prime plot and started getting files moved. His colleagues say that whenever Thakur came up against a hurdle, he would make the person a member of the society. What I think is to demolish that building because it is not following any norms passed by the government. Or we can hand over that building to the navy and army and let them decide what to do.Or we can give the flats to the kargil widows, because that land is for them only. Rest is depend on the government. If any such scams occur in mere future than public must raise their voice in order to protest them, it in some way effect our economy and spoil our society. Mostly the scams are done by the government personnels. and right away many people are trying to somehow get the government job. If we are not increase our voice now then in future we cant save our country. In India there are so many terriost who are spoiling our country and we are not bothered about them we clean focus on the terriosm.